農墾是國有農業(yè)經(jīng)濟的骨干和代表，是推進(jìn)中國特色新型農業(yè)現代化的重要力量。農墾是在特定條件下為承擔國家使命而建立的，經(jīng)過(guò)多年來(lái)的艱苦創(chuàng )業(yè)，形成了組織化程度高、規?；卣魍怀?、產(chǎn)業(yè)體系健全的中國特色農業(yè)經(jīng)濟體系?，F有35個(gè)墾區、1787個(gè)國有農場(chǎng)、1412萬(wàn)人口、1.06億畝耕地，是全面推進(jìn)鄉村振興、加快建設農業(yè)強國的重要戰略力量。2022年，全國農墾企業(yè)資產(chǎn)總額超1.6萬(wàn)億元，糧食產(chǎn)量達769.72億斤，占全國糧食總產(chǎn)量的5.6%，生產(chǎn)總值達9568.53億元。
中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導的農墾事業(yè)起源于抗日戰爭時(shí)期。1939年冬，在毛澤東同志“自己動(dòng)手、豐衣足食”的號召下，陜甘寧邊區開(kāi)展軍民大生產(chǎn)運動(dòng)，延安創(chuàng )辦了抗日民主根據地第一個(gè)農場(chǎng)――光華農場(chǎng)。王震同志率領(lǐng)120師359旅，按照“農業(yè)為第一位、工業(yè)與運輸業(yè)為第二位、商業(yè)為第三位”的方針，開(kāi)發(fā)建設了南泥灣。1947年，東北各省創(chuàng )建了一批國營(yíng)農場(chǎng)。1948年，華北人民政府農業(yè)部在河北省冀縣、衡水、永年交界的千頃洼建立了解放區第一個(gè)機械化國營(yíng)農場(chǎng)――冀衡農場(chǎng)。1949年，建立了一批以安置榮譽(yù)軍人為主的榮軍農場(chǎng)和組織國民黨“解放軍官”生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)的解放團農場(chǎng)。
新中國成立后，在毛澤東等老一輩無(wú)產(chǎn)階級革命家的親自決策和領(lǐng)導下，以成建制的人民解放軍轉業(yè)官兵為骨干、吸收大批知識分子、支邊青年組成農墾大軍，奔赴邊疆和內地的亙古荒原，開(kāi)始了大規模墾荒造田、興辦國有農場(chǎng)的創(chuàng )業(yè)歷程。新中國農墾事業(yè)的發(fā)展歷程大體上可分為五個(gè)階段：
第一階段：建國初期艱苦開(kāi)拓（1949-1966年）。新中國成立之初，為迅速恢復和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)，妥善安置大批軍人，中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會(huì )決定組織軍隊參加農業(yè)生產(chǎn)，農墾事業(yè)開(kāi)始大規模發(fā)展。1951年，政務(wù)院作出《關(guān)于擴大培植橡膠樹(shù)的決定》，在華南地區開(kāi)荒建設橡膠農場(chǎng)。1956年中共中央、國務(wù)院決定成立農墾部，統一管理全國軍墾農場(chǎng)和地方經(jīng)營(yíng)的國營(yíng)農場(chǎng)。1958年起，在中央部署下，大批轉業(yè)官兵、內地支邊青年和城市知識青年紛紛奔赴邊疆、荒原和戈壁灘建設農場(chǎng)。到1966年，全國共建立了1940個(gè)農場(chǎng)，有職工284萬(wàn)人，耕地4784萬(wàn)畝，天然橡膠250萬(wàn)畝，年產(chǎn)糧食81億斤，干膠2.3萬(wàn)噸。
第二階段：“文化大革命”中遭遇挫折（1967-1976年）。在此期間農墾部及省級農墾管理機構被撤銷(xiāo)，大批國營(yíng)農場(chǎng)被下放，原有的管理制度被破壞，農墾系統連年虧損，十年間共虧損32億元。
第三階段：改革開(kāi)放中不斷發(fā)展（1977-2001年）。十一屆三中全會(huì )以后，農墾系統進(jìn)行了一系列重大改革。1978年，國務(wù)院決定在農墾系統國營(yíng)農場(chǎng)試辦農工商聯(lián)合企業(yè)，實(shí)行農工商綜合經(jīng)營(yíng)，突破了農場(chǎng)長(cháng)期單一經(jīng)營(yíng)農業(yè)的格局。1983年起，農墾系統興辦職工家庭農場(chǎng)，建立大農場(chǎng)套小農場(chǎng)的雙層經(jīng)營(yíng)體制，解決了職工吃企業(yè)“大鍋飯”問(wèn)題。這期間，農墾系統以市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟為導向，逐步建立和完善現代企業(yè)制度，加大對外開(kāi)放力度，完善職工社會(huì )保障制度。
第四階段：前進(jìn)步伐全面加快（2002-2014年）。農墾系統加快推行集團化、企業(yè)化、股份化改革，不斷理順管理體制，創(chuàng )新運行機制，著(zhù)力激發(fā)農墾內在活力；積極開(kāi)展改革辦社會(huì )職能、建立社會(huì )保障體系、加大土地管理力度、努力化解債務(wù)，著(zhù)力優(yōu)化農墾發(fā)展環(huán)境；積極實(shí)施農業(yè)“走出去”戰略。農墾管理體制更加適應市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟體制要求，企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)機制更加靈活高效，打造了一批具有市場(chǎng)競爭力的現代農業(yè)企業(yè)集團。農墾經(jīng)濟效益保持持續高速增長(cháng)，自2002年全系統扭虧為盈以來(lái)，經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)率連續13年保持在10%以上。
第五階段：農墾改革發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代（2015年至今）。2015年11月27日，中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)農墾改革發(fā)展的意見(jiàn)》。以此為標志，農墾改革發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代。文件指出，新形勢下農墾承擔著(zhù)更加重要的歷史使命。努力把農墾建設成為保障國家糧食安全和重要農產(chǎn)品有效供給的國家隊、中國特色新型農業(yè)現代化的示范區、農業(yè)對外合作的排頭兵、安邊固疆的穩定器。全國農墾貫徹落實(shí)中央農墾改革發(fā)展文件精神，用3年左右時(shí)間基本完成了農墾國有土地使用權確權登記發(fā)證和改革國有農場(chǎng)辦社會(huì )職能任務(wù)。墾區集團化和農場(chǎng)企業(yè)化改革穩步推進(jìn)，建設現代農業(yè)大基地、大企業(yè)、大產(chǎn)業(yè)，把農墾建設成為具有國際競爭力的現代農業(yè)企業(yè)集團，努力形成農業(yè)領(lǐng)域的航母。
About China State Farm
The state farm system is the core and model of China's state-owned agricultural economy, as well as the main force in promoting modernization of Chinese characteristics agriculture. The state farm system was established under certain conditions to undertake national missions. Over decades of hard exploration, it has formed an agricultural- economic system with Chinese characteristics, that is, high degree of organization, large scale of production and a sound industrial system. It has developed the main force of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization andaccelerating the construction of a strong agricultural country, with 35 reclamation areas, 1787 state-owned farms, 14.12 million population and 7.07 million hectares of farmland. Up to 2022, enterprises of the state farm system has total assets of RMB 1.6 trillion yuan, grain yield of 38.49 million tons (accounts for 5.6% of the national total), and GDP of 956.85 billion yuan.
The cause of China State Farm led by the Communist Party of China is originated in Anti-Japanese War. In the winter of 1939, under Chairman Mao Zedong's call for "ample food and clothing by working with our own hands", the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area began a mass production campaign among the army and the people, establishing the first farm, Guanghua Farm, in the Anti-Japanese Base Area. Under the guideline of "agriculture first, industry and transportation second, business third", General Wang Zhen led Division 120 NRA and Brigade 359 NRA to construct and develop Nanniwan. In 1947, the Three Northeast Provinces established a batch of state farms. In 1948, the People's Government of North China built the first mechanized farm, Jiheng Farm, in the thousand-hectare puddle located in the border area of Jixian, Hengshui and Yongnian in Hebei Province. In 1949, a batch of farms was established, including merit farms for the honored soldiers, and liberation farms for the Kuomintang's soldiers.
Since the People's Republic of China was founded, under the leadership of predecessors of proletarian revolution represented by Chairman Mao, the pioneers consisted of demobilized soldiers, intellectuals and border-supporting youths went to the frontier and wilderness to reclaim wasteland and build state farms. The development of China State Farm is broadly divided into five stages:
Stage I: tough beginning in early years of New China (1949-1966). In the early years of New China, in order to resume the production rapidly and place numbers of soldiers properly, People's Revolutionary Military Committee of the Central Government decided to organize troops to support the nation's agricultural production. Since then, the cause of China State Farm developed fast on a large scale. In 1951, the State Council published Decision on Expansion of Rubber Trees Planting, started to open up wasteland for rubber farms in South China. In 1956, the Central Committee of CPC decided to found Ministry of State Farm, which was in charge of the unified management of the nation's army farms and the locally-operated state farms. Since 1958, under the arrangement of the Central Committee, the pioneers consisted of demobilized soldiers, intellectuals and border-supporting youths went to the frontier and wilderness to reclaim wasteland and build state farms. Till 1966, China had established 1940 farms, with 2.84 million workers, 3.19 million hectares of crop land, 0.17 million hectares of rubber land, 4050 million kilograms of annual grain output, and 23 kilotons of dry glue.
Stage II: suffering setbacks in the "Cultural Revolution" (1967-1976). In this period, Ministry of State Farm and its provincial agencies were abolished, together with the delegation of state farms to local governments. Because of the former administration system being damaged, the state farm system suffered continued loss, which was totally RMB 3200 million in a decade.
Stage III: developing steadily in Reform and Opening Up (1977-2001). Since the Eleventh CPC Central Committee, the state farm system has made a series of major reforms. In 1978, under the State Council's decision of developing agro-industrial-commercial combines in state farm system, breaking through the former pattern of farms operating agriculture only. Since 1983, the state farm system had established worker's family-owned farms in the large farms, which had solved "common big rice pot" among the employees. Driven by market economy during this time, the state farm system has gradually developed modernized enterprise institution, kept opening to the world, and improved social security system of the employees.
Stage IV: developing fast in all aspects (2002-2014). The state farm system has made efforts to its development: making reform in collectivization, enterprization and share-holding, improving management regimes and operation mechanism, to stimulate the internal vitality; depriving social functions, establishing social security provisions, optimizing land management and releasing debt, to improve the circumstance for better development; carrying out the "Going Out" Strategy in agriculture. With all these efforts, the management regimes and operation mechanism of state farms has adapted to the market economy much better, and a batch of competitive modern agricultural enterprises (groups) has been built. The state farm system has achieved remarkable economic results in this period. Since achieving profitability in 2002, its benefit growth rate has reached over 10% for 13 consecutive years.
Stage V: the reform of state farm system in new era (2015 till now). On November 27th, 2015, the Central Committee of CPC and the State Council has published Guidance on Further Promoting Reform in State Farm System. Markedly, the reform in state farm system has developed in new era. As the document claims, the state farm system undertakes a more important mission in new era, that is, guaranteeing food security and important food supply of the nation, establishing demonstration area of modernized Chinese characteristics agriculture, developing agricultural international cooperation, and defending the frontier. Putting the Guidance into action, all the state farms accomplished state-owned land right registration and certification in around three years. Nowadays, collectivization in reclamation areas and enterprization in farms are advanced steadily, with modernized big base, large enterprise and grand industry in agriculture being built. Moreover, since the modernized enterprises (groups) from state farm system are more competitive in the world, its place of model in agricultural field has gradually been shaped.
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